Askeri Amaçlarla Kullanılan İnsansız Deniz Araçlarının (İDA) Hukuki Statü Sorunu
Özet
Teknolojide kaydedilen gelişmelere paralel olarak insansız araçların askeri amaçlarla muharebe sahasında kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Yeni milenyumun başlarından itibaren İnsansız Hava Araçlarının (İHA), başta Afganistan ve Irak olmak üzere muharebe ve muharebe destek harekâtlarında sağladığı yadsınamaz katkılar, bir taraftan bu araçları devletler için vazgeçilmez hale getirirken diğer taraftan kısıtlı çerçevede deniz ortamında kullanılagelen insansız araçların görev yelpazesinin genişlemesine ve derinleşmesine etki etmiştir. Ancak devletler açısından gün geçtikçe önem kazanarak kuvvet çarpanı olma yolunda ilerleyen İDA’ların kullanımı, bazı hukuki tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Uluslararası deniz hukuk mevzuatında İDA’lara ilişkin doğrudan bir hüküm bulunmaması, bu araçların hukuki statülerine ilişkin gri alanlar oluşmasına sebep olmuştur. Boyut, tonaj ve otonomi seviyesi açılarından gitgide sofistike hale gelen İDA’lar geniş bir spektrumda çeşitlenmekte olduğundan, tüm İDA’lar aynı hukuki statüye tabi olmayacaktır. Diğer taraftan devletlerin kendi ulusal içtihatlarını oluşturma yolundaki adımları hukuki statü sorunsalı daha karmaşık hale gelmektedir. 1982 Birleşmiş Millet Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesinin (BMDHS) hükümleri temelinde İDA’ların tartışılması, seyrüsefer serbestisi, savaş hakları ve yargı bağışıklığı gibi kritik konularla doğrudan ilişkili olan bu araçların hukuki statü potansiyelin anlaşılması noktasında önem arz etmektedir.
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