Abib, A. O., Awolaja, G. O., & Aworinde, O. B. (2024). Health spending and life expectancy disparities: A gender analysis in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Allied Research, 9(2), 214–226.

Adejoro, L. (2024, October 21). Nigeria spent $2.38 million on medical tourism in six months. Punch Newspaper. https://punchng.com/nigeria-spent-2-38m-on-medical-tourism-in-six-months/#google_vignette

Adeoye, O. A. (2023). Assessing the associated medical, legal, and social issues in medical tourism and its implications for Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 45(145), 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2023.45.145.41104

Adewole, D., & Osungbade, K. (2016). Nigeria National Health Insurance Scheme: A highly subsidized health care program for a privileged few. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 19(3), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2016/27680

Akintunde, T. S., Satope, B. F., & Akanbi, B. E. (2016). The impact of life expectancy on economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Health Economics, 6, 44–56.

Akinmoyeje, T. (2024, December 12). Report: Two-Thirds of Nigerian Health Facilities Lack Basic Equipment, Essential Drugs. The Foundation for Investigative Journalism (FIJ). https://fij.ng/article/report-two-thirds-of-nigerian-health-facilities-lack-basic-equipment-essential-drugs/

Akinola, A. T., & Adekile, A. A. (2024). The impact of human capital flight and unemployment on economic growth in Nigeria. African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 7(2), 265–277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJSSHR-1VZ2VOUF

Allen, R. C. (2011). Global economic history: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199596652.001.0001

Brennan, N., Langdon, N., Bryce, M., Gale, T., Knapton, A., Burns, L., & Humphries, N. (2021). Drivers of international migration of doctors to and from the United Kingdom (General Medical Council Report No. 996, pp. 1–133). General Medical Council, retrived December 17, 2024, https://www.gmc-uk.org/-media/documents/drivers-of-international-migration-research-final-report_pdf-88769526.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-022-00789-y

Cervantes, M., & Guellec, D. (2002, January). The brain drain: Old myths, new realities. https://oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/673/The_brain_drain:_Old_m

Dohlman, L., DiMeglio, M., Hajj, J., & Laudanski, K. (2019). Global brain drain: How can the Maslow theory of motivation improve our understanding of physician migration? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7),1-13 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182

Duvivier, R. J., Burch, V. C., & Boulet, J. R. (2017). A comparison of physician emigration from Africa to the United States of America between 2005 and 2015. Human Resources for Health, 15, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0217-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0217-0

General Medical Council. (2022). The GMC Data Explorer, retrived December 17, 2024, https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/what-we-do-and-why/data-and-research/gmc-data-explorer

International Labour Organization. (2019). Global and continental policy frameworks guiding labour migration and labour mobility in Africa. ILO Regional Office for Africa, retrived December 21, 2024, www.ilo.org/africa

Ihechu, V. (2024, August 12). Addressing brain drain in Nigerian health sector. Premium Times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/723467-addressing-brain-drain-in-nigerias-health-sector.html

Iruo, L. A., & Okolo, O. S. (2021). Perceived determinants of brain drain among mental health care professionals in specialist health care facilities in Benin City. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 6(2), 842–858.

Issaoui, F., Toumi, H., & Touili, W. (2015). The effects of carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth, urbanization, and welfare: Application to countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The Journal of Energy and Development, 41(1/2), 223–252.

Johnson, T., & Regets, M. (1998). International mobility of scientists and engineers to the United States—Brain drain or brain circulation?, Special Report NSF 98-302. National Science Foundation.

Joseph, P., & Agada, M. (2024). Public health expenditure and life expectancy in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Allied Research, 9(2), 33–34.

Laranjeira, E., & Szrek, H. (2016). Going beyond life expectancy in assessments of health systems’ performance: Life expectancy adjusted by perceived health status. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 16(2), 133–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-015-9183-z

Lawal, L., Lawal, A. O., Amosu, O. P., Muhammad-Olodo, A. O., Abdulrasheed, N., Abdullah, K. U. R., ... & Murwira, T. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and health workforce brain drain in Nigeria. International Journal for Equity in Health, 21(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01789-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01789-z

Muauya, C. (2022, November 3). 2023 proposed national budget for health not sufficient to improve the sector. The Guardian. https://guardian.ng/features/2023-proposed-national-budget-for-health-not-sufficient-to-improve-sector/#google_vignette

Musette, M. S., & Musette, Y. (2022). Brain drain: A threat to Africa’s collective security and development strategies, Strategia, 9(1),46–77.

National Bureau of Statistics. (2023). National Health Facility Survey 2023. Retrived December 11,2024 https://microdata.nigerianstat.gov.ng/index.php/catalog/149

Nnoruga, J. N., & Osigwe, C. N. (2023). Brain drain in Nigeria: A challenge to human capital development. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 5(2),23-31.

Nwafor, E. C., & Clement, C. (2024). The impact of medical policies and politics on brain drain in developing countries. The Nigerian Health Journal, 24(4), 1656–1664.

Obani, E. F., & Odalonu, B. H. (2023). Impact of rising migration on socio-economic development of Nigeria (2015–2022). African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 10(1), 39–56.

OECD. (2021). Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing, Retrived November 12, 2024, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/health-at-a-glance_19991312.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en

Ogbu, E. (2019). Migration and the philosophy of brain drain in Nigeria. Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development, 2(4),44-60.

Ogbonna, G. N., & Oseiweh, O. S. (2016). Government health expenditure and life expectancy in Nigeria: Empirical analysis. Rhema University Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(2),95-107.

Okonkwo, E., Nwokike, C. E., Abasili, K. N., & Alokwu, S. O. (2022). The effects of human capital flight (brain drain) on the Nigerian economic development. Review of Public Administration and Management (ROPAM), 19(2), 99–105.

Okwara, E. C. (2023). A review of the implications of brain drain on Nigeria’s health and educational systems. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 14(5), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2023-0028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2023-0028

Olawoyin, O. (2022, March 30). Number of poor people in Nigeria to reach 95 million in 2022 -World Bank. Premium Times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html

Onah, C. K., Azuogu, B. N., Ochie, C. N., Akpa, C. O., Okeke, K. C., Okpunwa, A. O., ... & Ugwu, G. O. (2022). Physician emigration from Nigeria and the associated factors: The implications to safeguarding the Nigeria health system. Human Resources for Health, 20(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-022-00788-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-022-00788-z

Onisanwa, D. I., Oloruntimilehin, N. I., Ikeh, F., Emeka, F. I., & Ndangra, P. D. (2024). Determinants of life expectancy in Nigeria. Tanzania Economic Review, 14(1), 70–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56279/ter.v14i1.175

Onwube, O., Basil, A. C., Ahamba, K. O., Emenekwe, C., & Enyoghasim, M. O. (2021). Determinants of life expectancy in Nigeria: An autoregressive distributed lag approach. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(8), 177–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.12.012

Orekoya, I. O., & Oduyoye, O. O. (2018). Implications of outbound medical tourism on public health care development in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 14(30), 353–370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n30p353

Osigbesan, O. T. (2021). Medical brain drain and its effect on the Nigerian healthcare sector. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Walden University.

Parkins, N. C. (2010). Push and pull factors of migration. American Review of Political Economy, 8(2),6-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38024/arpe.119

Popogbe, O., & Adeosun, T. O. (2022). Empirical analysis of the push factors of human capital flight in Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences, 4(1), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-07-2020-0093

Raffin, N., & Seegmuller, T. (2014). Longevity, pollution and growth. Journal of Mathematical Social Sciences, 69, 22–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2014.01.005

Shahara Reporter. (2023, January 30). Nigeria, Chad top list of countries with lowest life expectancy globally, worse than Somalia-Report. https://saharareporters.com/2023/01/30/nigeria-chad-top-list-countries-lowest-life-expectancy-globally-worse-somalia-report

Shaw, J., Horrace, W., & Vogel, R. (2005). The determinants of life expectancy: An analysis of the OECD health data. Southern Economic Journal, 71(4), 768–783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2005.tb00675.x

Tunji, S. (2024, October 15). Nigeria’s inflation rose to 32.70% in September 2024—NBS. Punch Newspaper. https://punchng.com/breaking-nigerias-inflation-rose-to-32-70-in-september-2024-nbs/

Uduu, O. (2023, April 16). Nigerian Doctors Earn Less than 10% of Foreign Counterparts. Dataphyte. https://dataphyte.com/topic/nigerian-doctors-earn-less-than-10-of-foreign-counterparts

U K National Statistics. (2021, June18). Why do people come to the UK? To work. Gov.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/immigration-statistics-year-ending-march-2021/why-do-people-come-to-the-uk-for-family-reasons

World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). The Abuja declaration: 10 years ago, retrived December 12, 2024, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341162/WHO-HSS-HSF-2010.01-eng.pdf

Worldometer. (2024). Life expectancy by country and in the world. United Nations population division estimate.