China in the Struggle For Global Hegemony
Abstract
China, which entered a process of rapid economic development, has managed to become one of the world's largest economies. Continuing to grow economically, China is rising to a very central position in world production and trade. China has become the largest trading partner, investor and market for many countries. China's global visibility, which has accelerated its military modernization along with economic development, is increasing day by day. China's increasing global power and influence makes it one of the most powerful actor in the struggle for global hegemony. What kind of global role China will play will be crucial to understanding the political transformations in the global economy. It is wondered whether China, which has made significant progress in many power parameters, can establish a new hegemonic order. In this study, it has been emphasized China's ability to become a hegemonic power and its limits.
Metrics
References
Ahrari, Ehsan M. (2011), Büyük Güçler Hegemona Karşı: Rusya, Çin ve Hindistan’ın Yükselişi, Çev. Erhan Baltacı, İstanbul: Avangart Yayınları.
Arrighi, Giovanni (2009), Adam Smith Pekin’de 21. Yüzyılın Soykütüğü, Çev. İbrahim Yıldız, İstanbul: Yordam Kitap Yayınları.
Benson, Jeff ve Zi, Yang (2020), Party on the Bridge Political Commissars in the Chinese Navy, CSIS, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington D.C. 20036.
Bloomberght, 2019, Amerikalı şirketler ve Huawei aynı kaderi paylaşıyor, Bloomberght, 27.05.2019, https://www.bloomberght.com/huaweizhengfei-amerikali-sirketler-ve-huawei-ayni-kaderi-paylasiyor-2221819, (Erişim: 28.05.2019).
Buchholz, Katharina (2019), China Has Most Diplomatic Ties, Overtaking U.S., Statista, 28.11.2019, https://www.statista.com/chart/20138/countries-with-most-diplomatic-missions-in-the-world/, (Erişim: 29.11.2019).
Cai, Peter (2017), Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Lowy Institute, 22.03.2017, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-nitiative, (Erişim: 26.06.2019).
Chin, Gregory (2017) “Çin’in Parasal Gücünün Yükselişi”, Ed. Eric Helleiner; Jonathan Kirshner, Yeni Çin Seddi: Çin’in Uluslar arası Para İlişkilerinde Güç ve Siyaset, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 151-172.
China Power (2020): Is China a Global Leader in Research and Development?, China Power 16.06.2020, https://chinapower.csis.org/china-research-and-development-rnd/, (Erişim: 12.03.2020).
CSIS, 2020: Power, Norms and Institutions The Future of the Indo-Pacific from a Southeast Asia Perspective, A Report oc the CSIS Southeast Asia Program Results of a CSIS survey of Strategic Elites, , Co-directors, Michael Green, Amy Searight, Principal Investigators, Patrick Buchan Brian Harding, June 2020, New York: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
Dirlik, Arif (2010): Postkolonyal Aura Küresel Kapitalizm Çağında Üçüncü Dünya Eleştirisi, Çev. Galip Doğduaslan, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
Gelber, Harry G. (2010), MÖ 1100’den Günümüze Çin ve Dünya Ejder ve Yabancı Deccallar, Çev. H. Hülya Kocaoluk, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
Globalfirepower (2019a), Military Strength Ranking, Global Firepower, 2019, https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp#additionalNotes, (Erişim: 10.05.2019).
Helleiner, Eric ve Kirshner, Jonathan (2017), “Çin’in Uluslararası Para İlişkilerinin Politikası”, Ed. Eric Helleiner; Jonathan Kirshner, Yeni Çin Seddi: Çin’in Uluslararası Para İlişkilerinde Güç ve Siyaset, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, s.13-30.
Hu, Angang (2017), Five Major Scale Effects of China’s Rise on the World, Discussion Paper 19, China Policy Institute, Nottingham: The University of Nottingham.
Ikenberry, G. John (2008), The Rise of China and the Future of the West Can Liberal System Survive?, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2008-01-01/rise-china-and-future-west, (Erişim: 21.06.2019).
IMF, 2018: International Monetary Fund, 2018, World Economic Outlook Database, 2018 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x, (Erişim: 06.10.2019).
Jacques, Martin (2016), Çin Hükmettiğinde Dünyayı Neler Bekliyor?, Çev. Sami Oğuz, Ankara: Akılçelen Kitaplar.
Johnson, Steve (2019a), The Great Haul of China, Illustrated, Finacial Times, 19.11.2019, https://www.ft.com/content/4975eb8a-0ab6-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84, (Erişim: 22.11.2019).
Johnson, Steve (2019b), China’s Trade Dominance Dealt a Blow After US Gains, Finacial Times, 20.11.2019, https://www.ft.com/content/c9665df6-0ab7-11ea-b2d6-9bf4d1957a67, (Erişim: 22.11.2019).
Kroeber, Arthur R. (2017), Çin Ekonomisi Herkesin Bilmesi Gerekenler, Çev. Mehmet Mazı, Ankara: Buzdağı Yayınevi.
Lowy Institute (2019), Lowy Institute Asia Power Index 2019, Researchers: Herve Lemahieu and Bonnie Bley, Sydney: Lowy Institute.
MacCormack, James (2019), The risks are rising that the dolar could lose its special global standing, CNBC, 09.06.2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/07/the-risks-are-rising-that-the-dollar-could-lose-its-special-global-standing.html, (Erişim: 10.06.2019).
Maddison, Angus (2001), The World Economy: A Millennial Perspektive, Paris: OECD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264189980-en
Mead, Walter Russel (2019), Incredible Shrinking Europe, 11.02.2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/incredible-shrinking-europe-11549928481, (Erişim: 13.02.2019).
Mearsheimer, John J. (2006), “China’s Unpeaceful Rise”, Current History, April 2006, Vol, 105, Issue. 690, 160-163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.690.160
Minqi, Li (2017), Çin ve 21. Yüzyıl Krizi, Çev. Tulga Buğra Işık, İstanbul: Yazılama Yayınevi.
Murphy, Andrea; Ponciano, Jonathan; Hansen, Sarah ve Touryalai, Halah (2019), Global 2000 The World’s Largest Public Companies, Forbes, 15.05.2019, https://www.forbes.com/global2000/#16c9025a335d , (Erişim: 27.05.2019).
Nye, Joseph S. (2016), Amerikan Yüzyılı Bitti Mi?, Çev. Burç Beşgül, Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi, İstanbul: Röle Akademik Yayıncılık
OECD (2014), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014, OECD 2014, http://ifuturo.org/documentacion/Science%20Technology%20and%20Industry%20Outlook%202014.pdf, (Erişim: 14.05.2019).
OECD, (2019a), Gross Domestic Spending on R&D, https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm, (Erişim: 13.10.2019).
OECD, (2019b), Researchers, OECD, https://data.oecd.org/rd/researchers.htm, (Erişim: 13.05.2019).
Oktay, Fatih (2017), Çin Ekonomi ve Politika Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Portland, (2018), The Soft Power 30, A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018, USC Center on Public Diplomacy, Washington, DC. Portland.
PwC, (2017), The World in 2050: How will the Global Economic Order Change?, PwC, Price Waterhouse Coopers, February 2017, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/world-2050/assets/pwc-world-in-2050-slide-pack-feb-2017.pdf, (Erişim: 12.11.2019).
Raid, Nagwa (2012), Changing Patterns of Global Trade, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. IMF
Scott, David (2008), The 21st Century as Whose Century?, Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XIII, Number. 2, 96-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2007.350
Shambaugh, David (2016), Çin Küreselleşme Yolunda, Çev. Latif Boyacı, İstanbul:Yarın Yayınları.
SIPRI, (2019), Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2018, Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuımova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D. and Wezeman, Siemon T. Ed. (2019): SIPRI Fact Sheet April 2019, 29.04.2019, s.2, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/fs_1904_milex_2018.pdf, (Erişim: 08.05.2019).
Sishuwa, Sishuwa (2019), Cultural Imperialism with Chinese Characteristics, Mail Guardian,31.05.2019, https://mg.co.za/article/2019-05-31-00-cultural-imperialism-with-chinese-characteristics, (Erişim: 12.11.2019).
Statistics Times, (2018), GDP Indicators 2018, http://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php, (Erişim: 06.10.2019).
SWIFT, (2018), Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Mainland China – Leading RMB Internationalisation, SWIFT, RMB Tracker, April 2018, https://www.swift.com/resource/rmb-tracker-january-2018-special-report, (Erişim: 16.08.2019).
SWIFT, (2019), Rise of the Chinese Influence Strengthens RMB Demand, SWIFT, 05.06.2019, https://www.swift.com/news-events/news/rise-of-the-chinese-influence-strengthens-rmb-demand, (Erişim: 16.08.2019).
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China(2019), China’s National Defense in the New Era, The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, Foreign Languages Press, July 2019.
The World Bank, (2019a), DataBank / World Development Indicators, GDP (Current US Dolar), The World Bank, 2019, https://databank.worldbank.org/country/CHN/556d8fa6/Popular_countries, (Erişim: 06.10.2019).
The World Bank, (2019b) DataBank, World Development Indicators, The World Bank, GDP, PPP, 2019, https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/1ff4a498/PopularIndicators, (Erişim: 06.10.2019).
Top Universities (2019) QS World University Ranking 2019, https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020, (Erişim: 12.06.2020).
Tüter, Mustafa (2018), Çin Gücü Statükoya Karşı Yeni Güç Arayışları, İstanbul: Kopernik Kitap.
Wallerstein, Immanual (2005), Modern Dünya-Sistemi, II. Cilt, Çev. Latif Boyacı, İstanbul: Bakış Yayınları.
Wallerstein, Immanual (2011), Dünya-Sistemleri Analizi, Çev. Ender Abadoğlu, Nuri Ersoy, İstanbul, bgst Yayınları.
Walter, Carl E. ve Howie, Fraser J.T. (2013), Kızıl Kapitalizm Çin’in Olağanüstü Yükselişinin Kırılgan Finansal Temeli, Çev. Sinan Aslaner, İstanbul: abm Yayınevi.
WIPO, (2019b), Which Countries Specialize in Which Technologies Fact and Figures Patents and Utility Models PCT Top Tech Fields, WIPO, May 2019, https://www.wipo.int/edocs/infogdocs/en/ipfactsandfigures2018/, (Erişim: 14.05.2019).
WIPO, (2019a), WIPO 2018 IP Services: Innovators File Record Number of International Patent Aplications, With Asia Now Leading, 19.03.2019, https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2019/article_0004.html, (Erişim: 14.05.2019).
WIPO, (2019c), World Intellectual Property Reporty Report 2019 Geography of Innovation: Local Hotspots, Global Networks, Genova: WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization.
Worldatlas, (2018), The World Most Spoken Languages, 06.07.2018, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-popular-languages-in-the-world.html, (Erişim: 23.05.2019).
WorldBank (2020), The World Bank, Databank, World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, (Erişim: 10.06.2020).
Yan, Xuetong (2006), The Path for China to Increase its ‘Soft Power’, China and World Affairs, Vol.2, No.1, April 2006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pol002
Zhang, Yuwi (2018), “China Goes Global: Why China’s Global Cultural Stragy Needs Flexibility”, The Soft Power 30, A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018, Washington, DC: Portland, USC Center on Public Diplomacy, 70-74.